Small mutations accumulate over generations, forming haplogroups that map ancient migrations and population history. By comparing Y-DNA markers, researchers can identify shared male ancestors, estimate timelines, and reconstruct settlement patterns across continents.
In genealogy, Y-DNA testing links surnames, confirms lineages, and resolves historical questions where records fail.
In science, it illuminates human origins, bottlenecks, and expansions. While it represents only one ancestral line, Y-DNA provides a clear, time-structured window into humanity’s past.